8. Sep. 2011 | 
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Lösungsorientierte Kurzzeittherapie
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„Stellen Sie sich vor, heute Nacht geschieht ein Wunder, und das Problem, über das wir gerade sprechen, ist gelöst — Wie würden Sie die Veränderung erkennen!“
Das ist die zentrale Frage der lösungsorientierten Kurzzeittherapie (Solution focused Brief Therapy, SFBT), die maßgeblich von Steve de Shazer und Insoo Kim Berg entwickelt wurde.
Die Wurzeln dieser Therapieform liegen in den Arbeiten von Paul Watzlawick und Gregory Bateson, in Wittgensteins Sprachphilosophie und im buddhistischen Denken.
Ziel der de Shazerschen Kurzzeittherapie ist es, die Stärken und Resilienzen des Klienten zu aktivieren. Nur so kann dieser handfeste Lösungen für sein Problem finden und umsetzen.
Die zentralen Aspekte der Kurzzeittherapie sind:
- Ereignisse, die bis zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt geschehen sind, bilden die Basis möglicher Lösungen. Sie sind Evidenzen, „counters“, für die Ressourcen und Stärken des Teams/des Coachees, in der Vergangenheit Ziele erreicht zu haben.
- Das zu lösende Problem beschreibt die aktuelle Situation, in der das Team/der Coachee sich befindet. Die gegenwärtige Situation ist der Ausgangspunkt, die „platform“, von der er die eigentliche Veränderungsmaßnahme startet — sich sozusagen schrittweise erhebt.
- Aus der aktuellen Situation heraus definiert der Coachee, meist durch Wunderfragen, den gewünschten Zielzustand, die perfekte Zukunft („Future Perfect“), in der das Problem nicht mehr existent ist.
- Durch Skalierungsfragen erkennt der Coachee, wie weit er aktuell von Ziel entfernt ist.
- Sobald der Coachee bestätigt („affirms“), welche Aktionen/Dinge den gewünschten Zielzustand herbei führen könnten, und er auch seine Bereitschaft, sein „commitment“, dazu erklärt, sie umsetzen zu wollen, kann man diese einzelnen Schritt realisieren.
- Beim „upward climbing“ werden die nötigen Schritte ermittelt, von der aktuellen Situation (der platform) das Future Perfect zu erreichen; beim „downward climbing“ definiert man sozusagen über eine Delta-Analyse, was zum Erreichen des Zieles noch fehlt. Beides wird ständig durch Skalierungen quantifiziert.
Betrachte die LÖSUNGEN — nicht die Probleme!
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Kein Problem tritt ständig, ohne Pausen und immer gleich stark auf. Niemand schafft es, unter seinem Problem immer gleichmäßig stark zu leiden. Probleme sind in der Regel auf dem Kopf stehende Lösungen. Die Aufgabe im lösungs-orientem Coaching ist es, den Raum für das Entstehen, für das Sich-Entwickeln von Lösungen, zu kreieren.
Die SFBT zeichnet vielmehr für den/die Coachees die Wege nach vorne auf und zeigt die für diese Reise nötigen Mittel und Ressourcen. SFBT löst nicht die Ursachen und die Gründe der bestehenden Probleme.
Im Wesentlichen besteht der Ansatzder SFBT aus folgenden fünf Prinzipien:
- Arbeite mit dem Menschen, nicht mit dem Problem.
- Identifiziere die Ressourcen, d.h. Stärken, nicht die Defizite.
- Sondiere mögliche und wünschenswerte Zukünfte.
- Untersuche, was wirklich zu diesen möglichen Zukünften beiträgt.
- Behandle Menschen immer als Experten für alle Aspekte ihres Lebens.
Literaturhinweise
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- Steve de Shazer, Yvonne Dolan: „Mehr als ein Wunder: Lösungsfokussierte Kurztherapie heute.“, Carl-Auer Verlag, 2., Aufl., 2011.
Engl. Original: „More Than Miracles: The State of the Art of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy.“ Haworth Brief Therapy.“ - Steve de Shazer: „Der Dreh: Überraschende Wendungen und Lösungen in der Kurzzeittherapie.“ Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag; 11. Auflage, 2010.
Engl. Original: „Clues. Investigating Solutions in Brief Therapy.“. - Steve de Shazer: „Worte waren ursprünglich Zauber: Von der Problemsprache zur Lösungssprache.“ Carl-Auer; 2.Aufl., 2010.
Engl. Original: Words Were Originally Magic - Carole Pemberton: „Coaching to Solutions. A Manager’s Tool Kit for Performance Delivery.“ Butterworth Heinemann, 2006.
- Peter Szabó, Insoo Kim Berg: „Kurz(zeit)coaching mit Langzeitwirkung.“, Verlag Modernes Lernen; 2. Aufl., 2009.
- Peter Szabó: Lösungsorientierte Kurzzeitberatung, in: Christopher Rauen (Hrsg.): Coaching-Tools: Erfolgreiche Coaches präsentieren 60 Interventionstechniken aus ihrer Coaching-Praxis, Managerseminare Verlag, 2008, S.41-49.
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